Previous studies have shown that the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), hippocampus, striatum, anterior insula, anterior cingulate cortex and hypothalamus were closely related to anxiety disorders. In this article, we would review anxiety-relevant abnormalities in the developing brain and attempt to propose a psychopathological model of neural systems underlying anxiety disorders for adolescence, emphasising the differences between adolescents and adults.īrain structures associated with anxiety disorders These developmental processes and abnormalities may trigger and/or mediate the onset and progression of anxiety disorders in adolescence. 6 Hormones of puberty, together with pressures from the external environment, reshape the central neural system. The brain structure changes significantly from childhood to adolescence in terms of myelination and synapse pruning. 5 This may be related to the developmental trajectory of the adolescent brain. 4Īnxiety disorders have an early onset their incidence among children and adolescents is higher than that among other age groups. 3 This may be related to the unclarity of the psychopathological mechanisms underlying emotional dysfunction. 2 With high lifetime prevalence and high risk for recurrence, there is still a lack of effective treatments for anxiety disorders. 1 Anxiety disorders mainly manifest as excessive fear, worry and avoidance that induce severe emotional distress, somatic diseases, and cognitive and behavioural impairments, and in turn damage normal social functioning and negatively affect quality of life. This model helps to explain why adolescents are vulnerable to anxiety disorders and provides insights into potential brain-based approaches to intervene in adolescent anxiety disorders.Īnxiety disorders are the most common types of mental illnesses in China, and their incidence has been gradually increasing over the past 30 years. Furthermore, the striatum’s functional links to the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex are strengthened, while the link between the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala is weakened in adolescence. This model emphasises that in adolescence the emotional control system tends to be hypoactivated, the fear conditioning system is immature, and the reward and stress response systems are hypersensitive. This article reviews and compares recent neuroimaging literature on anxiety-related brain structural and functional deficits between adolescent and adult populations, and proposes a model highlighting the differences between adolescence and adulthood in anxiety-related brain networks. Understanding adolescent-specific brain deficits is essential for developing biomarkers and brain-based therapies targeting adolescent anxiety. However, our current knowledge on brain deficits in adolescent anxiety is mainly borrowed from studies on adults. Brain vulnerability to anxiety in adolescence is related to the unsynchronised development of anxiety-relevant brain functional systems. Recent findings have revealed the immaturity of neural networks underlying emotional regulation in this population. He was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1959, just before he died.Adolescence is the peak period for the incidence of anxiety disorders. In 1954, Dulles was named the "Man of the Year" by Time Magazine. In 1953, he became Secretary of State, and served as such until 15 April 1959, when he left the position because of colorectal cancer. In 1950, he was made a US representative to the United Nations. Dulles was part of the Senate until 8 November 1949, when an election for the position was held and he lost. On 7 July 1949, he became part of the United States Senate after Robert F. After the war, he served as part of many groups involved in world and economic issues. He was part of the US Army in World War I in 19. That same year, he became a lawyer in New York City. In 1908, he graduated from Princeton University, went to the Sorbonne in Paris for two years, and after this learned law at the George Washington University until 1911. He went to public school in Watertown, New York, and also went to three different colleges. Eisenhower.ĭulles was born on 25 February 1888 in Washington, DC. John Foster Dulles (25 February 1888–) was a US Secretary of State between 19 under President Dwight D.
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